People crave for a good standard of living, and they tend to use different household appliances and rely on different means of transport, including cars.

1.1.3 企业没有兴趣发展可替代资源

alternative, renewable energy sources

Companies in the energy sector have no interest in the development of renewable energy sources.

1.1.4 人们收入提高，支付得起电费，还有汽油费，不注意节约资源

earn higher income, energy bills, fuel costs, economise on fuel/ use energy in environmentally responsible ways.

People have money to pay electricity bills and cover fuel costs, so they no longer feel the need to use energy in environmentally responsible ways.

1.2 能源消耗导致的问题

1.2.1 对经济产生负面影响

解释：能源价格上升，经营成本上升，很多公司可能入不敷出，最后会倒闭。

解释：国家需要花很多钱去治理环境，处理一些污染问题，解决疾病，导致国家的财政赤字。

depletion of water, spread of diseases

The overreliance on energy can have a negative effect on the economy. Soaring energy prices can raise the cost of operation of companies, and some companies may go bankrupt since they fail to make ends

meet. Another reason is that the country has to spend heavily in restoring the environment, cleaning up

pollution and increasing health care provision. This can cause budget deficit of a country and hurt the economy.

1.2.2 破坏健康

解释：产生废气，可能导致呼吸道疾病。解释2:开采煤炭产生污水。医疗开销增加。 energy prices soar, reduce the quality of life

The strong appetite for energy use can be harmful to health. Fumes created by burning fuels can increase the instances of respiratory diseases. Coal mining can cause water pollution, and many people may suffer from some water-related health conditions. People are more likely to visit doctors, and Medical costs are therefore higher.

1.2.3 生活成本上升

解释：能源有限的，替代资源供应也不是很稳定。价格上升，其他方面的钱比较少。

raw materials, the manufacturing cost is higher, damage the economy,

The growing demand for energy can lead to a higher cost of living, which can affect the quality of life. Some resources are finite, and alternative energy sources fail to secure a supply of energy. Energy bills increase, and people have less money for other aspects of their lives.

1.2.4 环境破坏

原因1:消耗能源，使用化石能源产电，导致大量的废气。

原因2:开采石油天然气和煤炭，破坏环境，产生一些污染物会导致污染。

原因3:石油运输有可能漏油，污染海洋。

oil exploration, coal mining, damage the environment, cause environmental degradation, cause pollution

Energy consumption can cause damage to the environment. The first reason is that using fossil fuels to generate electricity can create emissions. Meanwhile, oil and natural gas exploration can damage the ecology and create some pollutants. Finally, oil spills can pollute the marine environment.

1.3 解决能源危机的方法

1.3.1 提高环保意识

解释：人们要知道资源浪费的环境影响、经济的影响、对健康的危害，他们会采取一些行动，注意节能，减缓能源的消耗。

raise environmental awareness, save energy, reduce consumption/ a wasteful use of energy

Another solution is to raise people’s awareness of the urgency of tackling the energy crisis. People need to have a good understanding of environmental consequences, the economic costs and public health issues of overusing energy. They will thus take action to save energy, which can slow the depletion of

energy.

1.3.2 立法

解释：加税，一些能源税，能源的价格上升，人们可能就会减少能源的使用。

解释：惩罚，惩罚一些高排放的企业，公司愿意使用可替换资源，或者减少能源使用。

impose a tax, curb energy use

Another way is to enforce laws to change the behaviour of individuals and businesses alike. A heavier tax can be imposed on fuel, and this can lead to a higher fuel cost, thereby discouraging people from using energy excessively. Another regulatory change is to impose sanctions on/fine heavy polluters, and this can encourage companies to use clean energy sources or cut down on energy consumption.

1.3.3 节能增产

解释1：发展一些科技减少能源的消耗。

解释2：开发新能源。

technological innovations/advances, alternative energy

The shortage of energy can be tackled by achieving fuel economy and developing alternative energy sources. Technological innovations can be promoted to cut the use of energy. Renewable resources can also be developed to prevent our reliance on conventional fuels.

1.4 替代能源

1.4.1 核能

核能有核事故的危险，核垃圾很难处理

nuclear accidents, nuclear waste, radioactive waste

One drawback of nuclear energy is that nuclear accidents have dire consequences and nuclear waste cannot be disposed of safely.

1.4.2 太阳能

大部分的替代资源，包括太阳能价格和成本很高，很难推广

solar power, promoted on a large scale/used commercially

The cost of converting solar power or other clean energy sources into electricity is normally costly, and it is difficult to promote these resources on a large scale.

1.4.3 风能

风能的风塔会伤害鸟类，也会影响自然环境

windmills, hurt birds, reshape landscape, destroy the environment

Massive windmills can hurt birds and destroy the environment.

科技不够发达，经济开发的可能性不高

financially viable, financially feasible

Progress is limited in making the development of clean energy financially feasible.

1.5 极端天气的影响

1.5.1 对环境带来很大的破坏

解释1：冰川融化，海平面上升，海洋环境受影响，生活在极地的动物和鸟类生存受到威胁。

解释2：旱灾或者水灾影响森林等，影响动植物的栖息地，和食物的来源。

melting iceberg, rising sea level, marine environment, coastal cities

The changing climate can also cause environmental degradation. Glacier melts faster and the sea level rises rapidly, changing the marine ecosystem. It also poses a threat to animals and birds traditionally dwelling at arctic areas. The increase in floods and droughts can destroy forest and affect animal
habitat. The food sources for wildlife have also been affected by significant temperature variances.

1.5.2 影响经济

解释1：极端天气会影响交通、工厂的运作。

解释2：水灾和干旱等会影响农作物的生长。

extreme weather, crop failures

Global warming has a negative effect on the economy. Extreme weather conditions can affect traffic and the operation of factories. The revenue of businesses will drop. Meanwhile, floods and droughts can lead to crop failures. Therefore, the income of farmers will be affected as well.

1.5.3 导致很多疾病

解释：高温会导致很多病毒滋生，人们会患上一些疾病。 diseases are carried by mosquitoes
Global warming/ the rising world temperature can cause numerous diseases. It can cause the spread of viruses, and people are likely to contract diseases, such as malaria.

1.5.4 增加额外的支出

解释：生活的一些费用，譬如说暖气、空调等要增加。解释2：人们需要交多点税去承担各种设施和救援的费用，譬如说防洪堤，等。

electricity consumption

Climate change can also raise the cost of living for the public. They have to spend extra money on energy bills, since they need more air conditioning or heating when the weather is either extremely hot or unseasonably cold. In addition to this, they have to pay more tax to cover the expenditure on facilities and rescue efforts, such as flood defense, protect some cities from extreme weather events.

1.6 全球变暖

适应全球变暖，而不是阻碍全球变暖的原因

阻碍全球变暖意味着加税，企业利润下降，伤害经济，不花钱去使用环保科技

impose a tax, a drop in profit, damage the economy, green technology

To fight global warming, many countries choose to imposing a tax on businesses and households. This
can normally lead to a drop in profit and damage the economy, reducing resources available for developing green technology.

为了适应全球变暖，开发科技

develop technology to adapt to a warmer planet
Companies may develop technology, such as building materials to keep homes cool, to adapt to a warmer planet.

2 雅思写作环境类观点论据：水资源

2.1 水资源减少的原因

2.1.1 人口增加，需求增加

population growth, demand increase
Population growth has driven the demand for water. 人们不喜欢节水 efficient use of water
Many people do not feel the need to achieve the efficient use of water.

2.1.2 污水、海平面上升导致清洁用水减少

rising sea levels, clean water

Water pollution and rising sea levels have reduced the amount of clean water available.

2.1.3 水土流失导致河流淤泥增加

soil erosion, silt

Soil erosion has increased silt in rivers and contaminated water sources.

2.2 水资源的重要性

2.2.1 个人卫生，包括洗澡、刷牙等

personal hygiene, taking a shower, brush teeth

Water is important to personal hygiene. Without water, we cannot take a shower and brush teeth.

2.2.2 个人健康，包括食物的清洗等

wash food

Water is also important to our health. The access to tap water ensures we can wash food.

2.3 节水的办法

2.3.1 增加水费，抑制用水

increase water charges, curb water consumption
Increasing water charges, can curb water consumption.

2.3.2 使用节水措施（回收废水，收集雨水）

water saving, recycle water, collect rainwater
We should also adopt some water saving measures, such as equipment to recycle water and collect rainwater.

3 雅思写作环境类观点论据：保护动物

3.1 保护动物的好处

3.1.1 保护自然环境

A保护动物，B維持生态平衡，C对环境好

背景：动物的生存对植物和森林的健康起到关键作用，他们吃水果，通过粪便撒播种子

解释（B-C)郁郁葱葱的森林是很重要的，因为树木可以保持土壤，防止因洪水造成的土壤侵蚀，土壤可

以提供营养，以支持花草的生长，防止荒漠化

解释（B-C)同时，一些鱼类可以在溪流中吃草，保证河流的水自然流动。水体反过来又为自然动植物提供了高质量的水

Animal conservation, animal protection 动物保护
ecological equilibrium 生态平衡
hold seeds and prevent soil erosion保持种子和防止土壤侵蚀
heavy floods严重的洪水
fight dissertisation抵御土地荒漠化
high-quality water高质量的的水

Animal conservation can help maintain ecological equilibrium. The survival of some animals plays a
key role in the health of forest and vegetation, as they eat fruit and spread seeds through their manure. A lush forest is important as trees can hold soil and prevent soil erosion caused by heavy floods, and
soil can provide nutrients to support the growth of flowers and grasses to fight desertisation. Meanwhile, Some fish can eat grasses in streams and ensure water of rivers flows naturally. Water
bodies, in turn, provide high-quality water for natural flora and fauna. In other words, If all animals are
well protected, the ecosystem can remain intact.

3.1.2 动物研究

A保护动物，B研究动物，C有利于增加我们的知识和创新

解释（A-B) —些动物已经在地球上生活了数百万年，通过对这些动物的分析，可以了解物种是如何进化的，以及如何在地球景观和气候的剧烈变化中生存下来的

解释（B-C) —些重要的发明和发现，如雷达、防水材料和迷彩服的发明，被认为是归功于动物的研究，包括蝙蝠、鲨鱼和爬行类动物

解释（B-C)地球上所有物种的保存可以确保发明家能够继续从有趣的物种中汲取灵感

advance knowledge and technology 提升知识和科技
give insight into 洞察
water-proof material 防水物质
draw inspiration from intriguing species从有趣的物种中汲取灵感

Wildlife conservation can also help us advance knowledge and technology by analysing some species.
Some animals have been on earth for millions of years, and the analysis of these animals can give insight into how species evolve and survive the dramatic changes in the landscape and climate of the planet. Some significant inventions and discoveries, such as the invention of radar, water-proof
material and camouflage, have been credited to the research on animals, including bats, sharks and
reptiles. The preservation of all species on earth can ensure that inventors can continue to draw inspiration from intriguing species.

3.1.3 推动科技发展

A保护动物，B督促我们想出保护环境的办法，C有利于科技发展

解释（A-B)为了防止物种灭绝，我们应该考虑如何减少对动物栖息地的破坏和人类活动的环境成本举例：我们需要发展更加有效的耕作方法，停止开荒砍树去耕种，利用清洁能源减缓全球变暖，创造更多可循环利用的材料去减少资源消耗

develop technology 发展科技

protect the environment 保护环境

reduce the damage to animal habitat减少动物栖息地的破坏

develop more productive farming methods发展更有效的耕种方法

Animal protection can also push us to developing technology for protecting the environment. To prevent species from dying out, we should consider how to reduce the damage to animal habitat and the environmental cost of human activity. For example, we need to develop more productive farming methods to halt land clearing for farming purposes, use clean energy sources to slow global warming, and create more recyclable material to cut the consumption of resources.

3.2 保护动物的弊端

A保护动物，B花費大量钱，C给财政带来压力

解释（A-B)它可能涉及建立繁殖中心以恢复濒危物种的数量，并雇用工作人员来保护保护保护区以确保动物免受偷猎者的伤害

解释（B-C)这可能会消耗掉其他用于关键服务的资金，如教育和医疗保健

medical treatment 药物治疗
increase the money on the animals conservation 增加动物保护的钱
guard conservation areas 保护保护区域
use up the money 把钱花光
protect animals from poachers 保护动物免受到捕猎者的侵害
educationand medical care教育和医疗
essential services重要的服务

However, animal protection usually takes a large amount of money and sometimes puts the government under economic pressure. It may involve the building of breeding centres to restore the population of endangered species and the hiring of staff to guard conservation areas to protect animals from poachers. This may use up the money otherwise available for essential services, such as education and medical
care.

4 雅思写作环境类观点论据：动物实验

4.1 动物实验的坏处

A动物实验，B滥用，C道德上不好

解释（A-B)让动物遭受创伤在伦理上是错误的，尤其是当其目的是开发一些非医疗产品，如美容产品

解释（A-B)动物虐待在实验室里也很常见，在实验室里动物被饲养在恶劣的环境中。动物有时会因错误的原因受伤或死亡

subject animals to trauma 让动物受到伤痛
animal experimentations 动物实验
non-medical products 非医疗用品
beauty products美容产品
moral principles道德原则
exploit living animals利用活着的动物
self-interest 自己的利益
be kept in poor conditions被关在恶劣的环境

Animal experimentation is sometimes challenged on grounds of moralty as there are many instances of
animal abuse. It is ethically wrong to subject animals to trauma especially when the purpose is to
develop some non-medical products such as beauty products. It is against moral principles to exploit living animals for our self-interest. Meanwhile, animal maltreatment is commonplace in labs, where animals are kept in poor conditions. Animals are hurt and killed sometimes for wrong reasons.

4.2 动物实验的好处

A动物实验，B医学发展，C帮助很多人

解释（A-B)对动物进行测试有助于科学家了解动物在生病时的反应以及药物是如何起作用的解释（B-C)这有助于开发新的药物和治疗方法，可以治愈许多疾病和治疗患者对比：几乎没有其他选择可以替代动物实验

animal experimentations 动物实验
animal testing 动物测试
medical discoveries 医学发现
make a difference 改变
cure diseases and treat patients 治疗疾病和病人
alternatives 可以替代的选择
animal-based tests用动物做实验

The supporters of animal experimentation think that animal testing can lead to medical discoveries that save millions of lives. Doing tests on animals helps scientists understand how animals react when given
an illness and how medicine makes a difference. This can help develop new drugs and procedures that can cure many diseases and treat patients. At the moment, there are few alternatives to animal-based
tests.

5 雅思写作环境类观点论据：动物园

5.1 动物园的坏处

A动物园，B失去动物的本性，C涉及到动物权益问题

解释（A-B):动物被捕获并关在笼子里，但在它们的传统家园里，它们可以自由漫步并保持它们的自然行为特征，例如与同一物种的其他动物互动

解释（A-B):动物失去了觅食的自由，要么吃得太饱，要么饿得要死

解释（A-B): —些动物园还训练动物以娱乐游客。如果动物没有按照训练者的指示行事，就会被殴打或鞭打

morally wrong 道德上是错的
keep animals in zoos 把动物放在动物园
be captured and kept in the cages被抓并保存在笼子里
maintain their natural behavioural traits保持自然的行为特征
interact with other members 和其他成员互动
lose freedom to hunt for food 丟失了觅食的自由
entertain tourists 娱乐观众
animal welfare campaigners 动物权益人士
have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit没有权利将动物用在娱乐和利润

Many people think that it is morally wrong to keep animals in zoos since this is against their instincts.
Animals are captured and kept in the cages but in their traditional home areas, they can roam freely and maintain their natural behavioural traits, such as interacting with other members of the same species.
Animals lose freedom to hunt for food and they are either overfed or starving. Additionally, some zoos
train animals for the purpose of entertaining tourists. Animals are beaten or whipped if failing to behave as instructed by trainers. Animal welfare campaigners argue that we have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit.

马戏团、动物园、实验室的动物、还有宠物经常被虐待，生活环境不好

lab animals, subject to maltreatment, poor living conditions

Lab animals are subject to maltreatment. Poor living conditions are also a problem.

5.2 动物园的好处

A动物园，B保护动物，C有利于生态平衡

解释（A-B)珍稀动物或濒危野生动物可以在动物园接受照料和治疗，在那里它们可以繁殖，而不会面临天敌或猎人的威胁

解释（A-B)动物园是一个保护中心，科学家在这里研究动物及其行为，以确定保护濒危物种免遭灭绝的最佳方式

解释（A-B)把动物留在动物园的另一个好处是它可以帮助人们提高动物保护意识。动物园之旅是有益的和有教育意义的，因为游客可以了解动物的生活方式以及使这些物种处于危险之中的因素解释（A-B)接触动物，包括喂养动物，对孩子们来说是一种不可忘记的经历，提升大家去保护这些动物的兴趣

rare animals or endangered species 珍贵物种或者濒危物种
receive special cares and treatment 接受特别的照顾和治疗
face threats from predators or hunters接受来自捕猎者或者猎人的威胁
raise the awareness of animal conservation 提升动物保护的意识
protect threatened species from extinction保护珍稀动物不让它们灭绝
keep animals in the zoos把动物放在动物园里面
gain knowledge 获得知识
an unforgettable experience for children 对孩子是一次难忘的经验
generate the interest in 激发兴趣
keep those lovely creatures alive 让动物生存

Zoos are sometimes supported for the important role they play in preserving biodiversity. Rare animals
or endangered wildlife can receive care and treatment in zoos, where they can reproduce without facing threats from predators or hunters. Zoos function as conservation centres where scientists study animals
and their behaviours to identify the best way to protect threatened species from extinction. Another
advantage of keeping animals in the zoos is that it can help people raise the awareness of animal conservation. Zoo trips are rewarding and educational, as visitors can gain knowledge about the living styles of animals and the factors putting these species at risk. The contact with animals, including feeding animals, is an unforgettable experience for children, generating the interest in keep these lovely creatures alive.

6 雅思写作环境类观点论据：吃动物

6.1 吃动物的坏处

6.1.1 对身体不好

A吃肉，C对身体不是很好

解释（A-B ):吃肉会导致肥胖，胆固醇会増加等

解释（A-B ): 吃肉也会増加病毒传播的风险，譬如说禽流感

解释（A-B ):肉类不好保鲜，坏了的话可能会导致中毒

Meat consumption is also harmful to health. Eating meat can cause obesity and increase the intake of cholesterol- a trigger for heart diseases. The strong demand for meat can also drive the need for meat production and livestock farming, but poultry is sometimes the medium for spreading viruses such as bird flu. Finally, if not preserved well, meat can be spoiled and rotten meat can increase the instances of food poisoning.

6.1.2 对动物残忍

A吃肉，B对动物很残忍，C道德有争议

解释（A-B)杀戮动物解释（A-B)将家禽养在农场里，很残忍

人们对肉类的需求增加，家禽和牲畜在工厂里被残忍杀害

meat consumption, farm animals

Meat consumption has increased dramatically, and livestock as well as farm animals are killed in factory farms.

There are also ethical arguments against meat consumption. Killing animals is cruel, and animal welfare activists challenge the justifications for slaughtering animals for food, especially when there are alternatives to meat today. It is also inhumane to raise livestock on a large scale in farms. Animals are kept in small space to prevent energy loss to ensure they grow fast to meet consumption needs.

6.2 吃动物的好处

6.2.1 对身体好

A吃肉，C对身体好

解释（A-B):是蛋白质的主要来源，也是很多对健康重要的营养物质的来源

解释（A-B):人类进化习惯了吃肉，吃肉确保肌肉和骨骼的健康解释（C的拓展）：孩子不能健康成长，运动员和做体力劳动的人需要吃肉保持体力和能量

a source of protein

Eating meat is essential to health. Meat is a primary source of protein, calorie and some nutrients essential to our health, such as calcium. Human beings have evolved to adapt to meat consumption. Eating meat can ensure the health of muscles and bones. Without meat as part of our diet, we may suffer from malnutrition. Children may not grow healthily without meet as part of their meals. Some people such as athletes and manual workers need meat consumption to maintain the level of energy and stamina for performance.

6.2.2 节日庆祝需要动物

A吃肉，B增加节日的快乐，C让人们很开心

背景：以前很难吃到肉，人们喜欢假日以肉做菜去表示自己对节日的重视。

背景：准备肉菜去招待重要的客人

解释（A-B):肉逐步成为宴会的重要组成部分

结果（C的拓展）：没有肉，大家不开心

time-honoured tradition, traditional celebrations

Eating meat can also increase the joy people can gain in celebrating some special festivals. Meat was difficult to come by in the past, so people cooked meat on special festivals to show the extent to which they attached importance to these festivals, especially those which have religious implications. They also prepared meat dishes to serve important guests . Some traditional meat dishes gradually formed an important part of feasts and banquets on special occasions, such as eating turkey for Thanksgiving.

Without meat, people would experience a lower level of pleasure on these special days.

6 雅思写作环境类观点论据：养宠物的原因

人类的伙伴，消除寂寞

provide companionship, combat the sense of loneliness animals can provide companionship to combat the sense of loneliness.

给小孩培养责任感，知道如何照顾小动物

foster a sense of responsibility

It can foster a sense of responsibility among children, as they learn how to take care of animals.

7 雅思写作环境类观点论据：保护环境的方法

7.1 立法

背景：在个人利益的驱使下，个人和公司有时会从事破坏环境的活动。

举例：开垦土地用于农业或住房开发。

解释：制止这种行为的最好办法是颁布法律，例如惩罚破坏森林的公民或公司。严厉的惩罚起到威慑作用。 preserve the environment, driven by self-interest, clear land, curb behaviour

Laws can play an important part in preserving the environment. Driven by self-interest, Individuals and companies are sometimes involved in environment-damaging activities, such as clearing land for farming or housing development. The best way to curb this kind of behaviour is to enact laws, such as punishing citizens or companies who are caught damaging forest. Harsh penalties serve as a deterrent.

7.2 财政补贴

政府可以提供一些经济刺激。

解释：使用环保科技或者发展这些科技需要很多的投入，政府给与补贴是有帮助的。

举例：投资环保科技的公司给予激励，给那些使用环保产品的人一些补贴。

financial incentive, eco-friendly technology, eco-labelled products

The government can provide some Financial incentives to promote eco-benign behaviour. Developing or adopting green technology can be costly, so government support is important. Some business-friendly policies such as a tax break can be provided to encourage companies to develop eco-friendly technology. People who purchase eco-labelled products can be given subsidies.

7.3 改变个人的生活方式

背景：许多人没有意识到他们的习惯对环境的影响

举例：个人可以选择环保的生活方式来减少燃料的使用和造成环境污染的废物。

举例：人们可以步行或骑车上学或上班，使用公共交通工具而不是私家车来减少碳排放。

举例：他们还可以重复使用购物袋和回收易拉罐和瓶子，以减少垃圾。对比：如果人们不觉得有必要改变他们的生活方式，严格的法律和推广绿色技术不会有很大的不同。

public transport/ private cars/ carbon carbon emissions/ shopping bags

The environmental problems can also be mitigated by changing citizens5 attitudes and lifestyles. It is necessary to keep the public well-informed about eco-friendly lifestyle choices, when many of them are not aware of the environmental consequences of their habits. Individuals can select eco-friendly ways of life to reduce the use of fuels and the waste which causes environmental pollution. People can walk or cycle to school or work, use public transport instead of private cars to reduce carbon carbon emissions. They can also reuse shopping bags and recycle cans and bottles to reduce waste. If people do not feel obliged to change their lifestyles, strict laws and the promotion of green technology would not make a huge difference.

7.4 技术创新

技术：可以被看作是解决现代生活造成的环境问题的一种方法。

背景：我们的日常生活对环境产生了影响，无论我们是否努力减少能源的使用，在现代世界做到碳中和基本上是不可能的。

举例：使用电气设备需要消耗电力，而电力通常是由燃烧矿物燃料产生的。

解释：使用清洁能源，如风能和太阳能，可以支持我们的日常生活，而不会产生温室气体排放。这些技术进步可以平衡现代生活的需要和可持续性发展的目标。

clean energy/wind power/solar power/ renewable resources

Technology can be seen as a solution to environmental problems caused by modern life. Our daily life has an impact on the environment, whether or not we try to cut down on energy use, and it is basically impossible to be carbon-neutral in the modem world. For example, the use of electrical equipment involves consumption of electricity, which is normally generated by burning fossil fuels. Therefore, only green technology can deal with this problem. The use of clean energy sources such as wind power and solar power can support our daily lives without creating greenhouse gas emissions. These technological advances can balance the needs of modern life and the objective of sustainability.

1 雅思写作环境类观点论据：能源消耗与开发

1.1 能源危机的原因

1.1.1 人口增长，农业产量增加，能源消耗增加

1.1.2 人们追求好的生活，使用各种电器和交通工具