1 题型描述

通常出现在文后，共有3〜8道题目不等，以陈述句的形式呈现。考生需要根据文章内 容判断陈述句与文中所提供的信息或作者的主张一致、矛盾，还是文中没有提到相关信息或 者无法判断作者的主张正确与否，并相应独选false/no或not given。

这种题型属于细节题，目的是考察考生依据文章中所给的信息进行归纳、推理和判断的能力。

2 解题步骤

• Step 1:划出题目中的关键词，方便回到原文定位。如果题目中有数字、大写的词（表 人名、地名、机构名等专有名词）、黑体词、’斜体词、连体词、加引号的词等，我们应该把 它们优先作为关键词，因为这些词在文中一般会以原貌出现且比较容易辨认。如果没有的话， 那么我们要找出句子中重要的主题词，并想想这些主题词的同义表达，然后快速记忆。
• Step 2:带着关键词及它们的同义表达回到原文中査找答案的大致位置，然后精读关键 词所在的句子，有时为了找出答案，你往往需要精读不止一个句子，有时甚至是整个段落。
• Step 3:仔细比较文中和题目中的信息，判断题目的信息与原文是一致，矛盾还是未提及。

1. 当无法判断某题目是false/no，还是not given时，看一下题目与原文中的信息是否兼容，兼容则not given，不兼容则false/no。
2. 题目出现的顺序与文中相应信息出现的顺序是一致的，因而某题目的答案一定是在 下一道题目出现之前，记忆相邻的两道题目的关键词可以缩小寻找答案的范围和时间。

3 题型示例

现在我们来对雅思阅读题目中的判断题出现的true (yes)、false (no)和not given的几种情况进行一下总结，从而把握这类题目设计的规律。

3.1 True或Yes的情况

3.1.1 题目是原文信息的同义表达

题目运用同义词、改变语序等方式转述原文中的信息。例如，假设原文是he has a pretty wife，而题目是his wife is good-looking就判断为正确，因为pretty和good-looking是近义词， 两者的主语也都一样。现在我们以雅思真题为例，来看判断为true或yes的情况。

• 原文：But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry.
• 题目: Modem technologies have led to a reduction in domestic water consumption.
• 分析：原文中的thanks to意思是because of,正好照应了题目中同样表示因果关系的led to。 题目中的 modem techonologies 照应原文中 new technologies。而 the amount of water consumed per person即是指domestic water consumption。因而题目是运用同义词和转 换语序的方式传达了原文的信息。

 

• 原文：By the age of three, the children in the programme were significantly more advanced in language development than their peers, had made greater strides in problem solving and other intellectual skills, and were further along in social development.
• 题目：Most ‘Missouri’ programme three-year-olds scored highly in areas such as listening, speaking， reasoning and interacting with others. y
• 分析：题目中的 most ‘Missouri’ programme three-year-olds 照应原文中的 by the age of three， the children in the programme, scored highly 照应原文中的 were significantly more advanced 和 had made greater strides，而题目中的 listening, speaking 照应原文中的 language development，reasoning 属于 problem-solving 的智力技巧，interacting with others 又属于social development。题目是运用近义词和同义词手段来转述原文信息。

 

3.1.2 题目是原文信息的推理（常见）

我们先来看一个简单的例子，假设原文是some of my friends like music，那么题目not all of my friends like music就是对原文的自然推理，因为some就暗含了 not all。还有一种情况 是 my friend likes music，art, sports, 那么 my friend likes music 就是正确的。

• 原文：He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation.
• 题目：Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.
• 分析：原文中说“有六个助手帮他的忙，但其中两个助手在字典还在筹备期间就去世了”。题目 中说“并不是所有的助手都看到了字典的出版，”因而是基于原文的正确推理，选TRUE。

 

• 原文：All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).
• 题目：The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.
• 分析：题目中的the children指的是原文中的the entrepreneurs (年轻的创业者）。原文说“所有的S.K.I项目对所有的贷款都收取利息，主要是为了让这些创业者们适应偿还借款利息的概念。这些利息一般不高（比银行利息低）。”偿还利息加借款，也就是偿还比借款更多的钱，这是利息这个词的内在含义决定的。同时文中又强调利息并不高，因此题目中说“这些孩子必须偿还比借款更多的钱”是文中枚正确推理。

 

• 原文：Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.
• 题目：Archaeology involves creativity as well as careful investigative work.
• 分析：原文提到说考古学包括了三个方面的工作，而题目中提到了两个部分，但题目中的creativity ,照应了 原文中的 the exercise of the creative imagination，careful investigative work照应了原文中的the discovery of the treasures of the past，它们表达的意思都是—样的，因而题目判断正确。

 

3.1.3  题目是原文信息的概括（常见）

题目中的一句话往往是原文中几句话的归纳和总结。比如假设原文中提到he is not only an 83 actor but also a singer, a pianist, and a director,男P么我彳门由此可以总结出 he is a versatile man。

• 原文：Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer-lexical as well as social and commercial.
• 题目：The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for dictionaries.
• 分析：题目中的 the growing importance of the middle classes 照应原文中的 the rise of the English middle class。原文中说“字典的兴起是和英国的中产阶级的兴起联系在一起的”，接 着用一个非限制性的定语从句接着补充说明他们当时的需求。因而我们可以得出是因 为资产阶级的兴起导致了字典需求量的增长。

 

• 原文：Culture in this sense includes what the anthropologist, Edward Tylor, summarized in 1871 as ”knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’’. Anthropologist also use the term “culture” in a more restricted sense when they refer to the ‘culture9 of a particular society, meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society, which distinguish it from other societies.
• 题目：Anthropologists define culture in more than one way.
• 分析：原文中提到人类学家给culture的意义有knowledge，belief，art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society，另外一种是比较狭义的概念（in a more restricted sense),因而题目说“人类学家给文化的定义不只一种” 则是对原文的概括。

3.2 False或No的情况

3.2.1 题目与原文某部分的意思相反或矛盾

题目借助反义词或其他手段提供的信息与原文所给的信息相反，举个简单的例子，如果原文说he likes swimming，那么题目he doesn’t like any sports则与原文是矛盾的，因为swimming 属于 sports 的一种。

• 原文：Beforehand, the students have been carefully prepared for the language learning experience. Through meeting with the staff and satisfied students they develop the expectation that learning will be easy and pleasant and that they will successfully learn several hundred words of the foreign language during the class.
• 题目：Prior to the suggestopedia class, students are made aware that the language experience will be demanding.
• 分析：题目中的 prior to the suggestopedia class 照应文中的 beforehand 和 prepared for the language learning experience。同时，原文中说“学生们通过和教学人员和满意的学生会面，产生学习非常容易和快乐的期待”。而题目中说“会让学生们意识到语言 (学习）经历会很难”，很明显是与原文的相反表达。在这里，题目的demanding 与原文中的easy是反义词，而且它们的主语在原文和题目中指的都是同一个事物， 即课堂学习语言的经历。

 

• 原文：At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.
• 题目：Water use per person is higher in the industrial world than it was in Ancient Rome.
• 分析：原文中的as much water per person as说明古罗马居民的用水量和现代工业世界的很多 地方的人们用水量是一样的。而题目中说“现代工业世界中的人均用水量要比古罗马的高”，与题目正好相反。

3.2.2 题目与原文在某事物的范围、数量和频率等方面不一致

• 原文：A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University^ Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world.
• 题目：The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.
• 分析：原文中说“这项研究比较了世界上37个城市把资金投入到交通上的比例”，而题目中说“该研究调查了世界的每座城市的公共和私有交通设施”，城市范围大于原文，因而是错误的。

 

• 原文：The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising.
• 题目：All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.
• 分析：原文中说“一些文化缺乏处理较大数目的能力并不让人吃惊”，暗含的意思是有些文化 不会处理较大数目，而题目中说“所有文化都能够清楚地表达较大数目”，数量不一致。

3.2.3 题目是原文某部分信息的错误推理或概括（常见）

• 原文：The rich mixture of danger and detective work has also made it the perfect vehicle for fiction writers and film-makers, from Agatha Christie with Murder in Mesopotamia to Stephen Spielberg with Indiana Jones.
• 题目：Movies give a realistic picture of the work of archaeologists.
• 分析：原文中说“危险和侦探性的工作也成为小说家和电影制作家的最好的素材”，暗含的意思是这类小说或电影以考古学家的工作为蓝本然后又加以改编和加工，因而已经不是对考古学家工作的真实反映，而题目中“电影真实地描绘了考古学家的工作”，是 对原文的错误推理，因而是判断为FALSE。

 

• 原文：Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.
• 题目：In a sociological explanation, personal values are more powerful than authority.
• 分析：原文中说“在这样一个解释中，受试人把他的个性，个人和道德准则融入到更大的一 个体制结构中，把个人的一些品质如忠诚、自我牺牲和自制等都投入服务权威的充满恶意的体制中”。言外之意是权威的力量完全压倒了个人的价值观和道德观，而题目说“个人的价值观比权威更有力量”，是与原文完全相反的推理。

 

3.3 Not Given的情况

3.3.1 无中生有型

题目中主语或（和）宾语在文中出现，但题目所陈述的关于主语或（和）宾语的行为、事件或关系在文中却没有出现，属于典型的无中生有型

• 题目 1: Archaeology is a more demanding field of study than anthropology.
• 题目 2: Opponents of smoking financed the UCSF study.
• 分析：题目1中archaeology和anthropology在原文中均出现了，但文中根本没有对两者的难 易度进行比较，无法判断T或F，这时就只能选NOTGIVEN。题目2中只有the UCSF study出现在了文中，但研究是否由吸烟的反对者们资助的，文中却没有提供相应的任 何信息或线索。

 

3.3.2 偷梁换柱型

原文中提到了某两个事物之间存在的一些关系或联系或动作，但题目中呈现的是这两个事物之间的另外一种关系，两种关系不呈相反关系，可以并存，但文中没有提供任何相关信 息来判断它的对错，这种情况下我们也要选NOT GIVEN。举一个简单的例子，假设原文中提 到 Mary is more beautiful than Lucy，而题目中说 Mary is more outgoing than Lucy 则为 not given。

• 原文：Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s population still suffers with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans.
• 题目：Modern water systems imitate those of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
• 分析：题目中说“现代的水利系统是模仿（imitate)古希腊和古罗马那个时候的”，但原文只提到说“现代的水利服务设施还不如（inferior)古罗马和古希腊的”，因为原文没有 比较孰优孰劣，因而我们判断为NOT GIVEN。

 

• 原文：As an illustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner is a smoker and one a nonsmoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 percent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking.
• 题目：If one partner in a marriage smokes, the other is likely to take up smoking.
• 分析：原文中说“结婚的双方如果有一方吸烟，那么另一方由于被动吸烟会有高于对方30% 的患上心脏病的风险”。而题目中说“结婚的双方如果一方吸烟，另一方也可能吸烟”，这种关系和文中提到的两者之间的关系不矛盾，但文中没有提到，因此我们选未提及。

 

3.3.3 题目增添了原文中没有的细节

题目和原文中都提到的事物以及关于事物的行为、动作、关系，但题目中呈现的信息在 某方面比原文更加具体或添加了原文中没有的细节。假设原文是he bought a book yesterday, 而题目若是 he bought a math book yesterday 则是未提及。另一个例子是 she is one of the tallest students in her class，么 she is the tallest students in her class 贝1J 是未提及，因为 one of the tallest 只给出了一个范围，但并没有具体说明在最高的同学中她的身高排在第几位。

• 原文：But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story.
• 题目：Archaeologists must be able to translate texts from ancient languages.
• 分析：文中提到“这（指考古工作）也是一个辛苦的解读的过程”，而题目中说“考古学家 必须能够翻译古代语言的文字”。本题解题的关键在于对interpretation的正确理解，需要翻译古代的文字是一种interpretation，但interpretation并不一定就是translate texts from ancient languages,因而判断 NOT GIVEN。

 

• 原文：A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also apt.
• 题目：Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour.
• 分析：原文中说“一个喜剧演员会给出一个情景，接着会给出一个出乎意料却又恰当的诠释”。题目说“大多数喜剧演员会把个人情景作为幽默的来源”，题目和原文中的主语和主语 的行为都是一致的，但题目中的personal situation把原文中a situation具体化了，因而 本题是NOT GIVEN。