Being selfish may sometimes help people reach full potential and improve the standard of living as they focus on their own objectives. As they are driven self-interest, they may turn down any request of other people for help. This can block distractions and ensure that they can stay focused on priorities and objectives. For example, they may try to complete their own work as soon as possible, rather than give a helping hand to colleagues who are stuck in a problem. In this regard, selfishness can actually boost
their productivity and help them achieve more

1.1.2 想要成功的野心

A.自私，B.有野心和想要成功，C.会成功

解释（A-B )他们不愿意与他人分享荣耀，而是希望自己成为杰出的人，最后独享自己成就的所得

解释（A-B )以自我为中心的人不想欠彳任可人一个人情，因为这样他们不会还别人的人情

解释（B-C )如果他们的工作有任何问题，他们不会求助于他人，而是选择自己去克服。因此，他们往往是多才多艺，能够做很多事情

have the determination to succeed 有成功的决心

drive their personal ambitions and success 驱动他们的个人抱负和成功

share glory with others与他人分享荣耀

self-centred people以自我中心的人

Selfish people have the determination to succeed as they are driven my their personal ambitions and success. Instead of sharing glory with others, they desire to be outstanding and solely entitled to all the gains of accomplishing a feat. Self-centred people do not want to owe anybody a favour as it can free themselves of the obligation to return any favour. If there is any problem with their work, they would not turn to others for help but choose to overcome it themselves. Because of this, they tend to be versatile and capable of doing many things.

1.1.3 推动社会进步

A.自私，B人们有好的idea，C.这些好的idea推动社会的进步

解释（A-B )：他们倾向于捍卫自己的观点，坚持自己选择做的任何事情，即使这可能与一些传统和其他人的观点相冲突

解释（A-B )：由于他们对他人的感受或反对不太敏感，他们有时会不择手段地把自己的想法付诸实践

解释（B-C )：他们不寻常的想法可能变成创新，会对世界产生积极的影响

show their own opinions and ideas 分享他们的观点和想法
promote social progress 促进进步
defend their views 为他们的观点辩护
in conflict with与..发生冲突
be less sensitive to不那么敏感
put their ideas in to practice 把想法付出实践
make a positive difference to the world 给世界带来积极的变化

Selfishness also means that people are willing to show their own opinions and ideas, which can sometimes promote social progress. They tend to defend their views and persist with whatever they choose to do, even though it may be in conflict with some traditions and the opinions of others. As they are less sensitive to the feelings or objection of others, they sometimes strive against all odds to put their ideas into practice. Their unusual ideas may sometimes turn out be innovations which can make a positive difference to the world.

1.1.4 提升企业竞争力

A.商业如果自私，B.不与其他公司或者人分享东西，C.更有竞争力

解释（A-B )：首先，公司不太可能与竞争对手分享其专有技术、知识产权和商业秘密。这些资源让企业比竞争对手厉害，这就是消费者愿意为其产品或服务付费的原因

解释（A-B) ：家公司可能会选择保留大部分（如果不是全部）利润，因为它需要资金来支持研究和发展，奖励勤奋的员工和増加销售。如果将利润用于慈善事业或其他目的，它将无法维持市场份额

in the business world 在商业世界
share its know-how, intellectual properties and busniess secrets with its competitors跟对手分享知识产权和商业机密
maintain its market share保持市场份额
distinguish a business from its rivals 区分企业与竞争对手

Being selfish is possibly a necessary evil in the business world, as it can make a company more competitive. First of all, a company is not very likely to share its know-how, intellectual properties and business secrets with its competitors. These kinds of resources distinguish a business from its rivals and that is why consumers are willing to pay for its products or services. Second, a company may choose to keep most, if not all, of its profit, as it needs capital to support research and development, reward hardworking staff and grow sales. It would not be able to maintain its market share if it used its profit for charities or other purposes.

1.2 “自私”的弊端

1.2.1 影响人际关系

A.自私，B.处理不好和别人的关系，C.影响职业

解释（A-B )他们把注意力集中在自己的任务上，而不是支持他人，因此他们不受同事的欢迎。

解释（B-C )如果他们需要别人的建议和帮助，这可能会有问题

解释（A-B )如果他们下定决心独自解决所有问题，那将耗费时间和精力

解释（B-C )他们最终会意识到，一个团队和与其他人的合作可以帮助他们实现比他们单独工作
时要收获得更多的

develop or maintain a good relationship with others 提升或保持与别人的好的关系
hurt their careers 伤害来他们的职业
focus their minds on their own tasks 关注在他们自己的事情
need advice and assistance from others需要建议和来自他人的帮助
tackle all problems解决所以的问题
consume time and energy消耗时间和能量
cooperate with others跟他人合作
work in isolation孤立工作

Selfish people cannot develop or maintain a good relationship with others, and this can hurt their careers in the long term. They focus their minds on their own tasks, rather than support others, so they are not popular with colleagues. This can be problematic if they need advice and assistance from others. If they are determined to tackle all problems alone, it can consume time and energy. They will eventually realise that a team and cooperating with others can help them achieve far more than they do when working in isolation.

1.2.2 社会责任缺失

A.公司只关注盈利，B.不关注社会责任，C对企业声誉有威胁

解释（A-B )—个利润驱动的公司可能操纵消费者使其收入最大化，而且它的一些做法是不道德的

举例1：一些公司未能妥善保管窖户的个人信息，其中一些公司甚至从销售此类数据中获利

举例2：此外，一些公司没有试图履行其对员工安全和社区环境保护的职责一旦它的任何不好的做法被揭发，就很难树立它的声誉

a threat to the reputation of a business 对企业的声誉是损害
social responsibility 社会责任
manipulate consumers 操纵消费者
maximise its revenue 最大限度地增加收入
personal information 个人信息
make no attempt to fulfil their duties 不试图履行他们的责任
fulfil their duties to safety of employees and to the environmental protection of communities 履行对雇员的安全和保护社区环境的义务

It is also a threat to the reputation of a business if it is concerned with its profitability, rather than social responsibility. A profit-driven company may manipulate consumers to maximise its revenue, and some of its practices are unethical. Some companies, for example, fail to look after personal information of their customers with due care, and some of them even profit from selling such data. Additionally, some companies make no attempt to fulfil their duties to safety of employees and to the environmental protection of communities. It would be difficult to build its reputation once any of its malpractices is exposed.

1.2.3 生活不快乐

A自私的人，B得不到别人称赞，C生活满意度不高

解释（A-B ):他们比较贪婪，不喜欢分享财富，没有很多朋友解释（B-C ):不能在社会生活中获得快乐

解释（A-B ):不喜欢慈善工作，将钱用于慈善用途解释（B-C ):不能够从别人的赞美中获得成就感

Selfish people may not experience the same level of satisfaction with their lives as those unselfish people. Self-centred people are greedy and unwilling to share their wealth and resources of others, so they do not have a large circle of friends. For this reason, they are unlikely to gain a sense of happiness by spending quality time with friends and celebrating some special moments together. Meanwhile, selfish people are not interested in charity work and donating money for worthy causes. They are not able to gain a sense of pride and achievement by receiving praises from other members of society who recognise their contribution.

2 雅思写作社会价值观类观点论据：礼仪、行为、规范

2.1 礼貌礼节的场合

2.1.1 打招呼

打招呼，道歉和感谢，不打断别人说话，以及其他交流技能

greet, apologise, express gratitude, interrupt others, communication skills

People should learn how to greet others politely, apologise whenever necessary, and express gratitude. They should learn communication skills and avoid blunders, such as interrupting others when other people speak.

2.1.2 就餐礼仪

就餐礼仪，包括如何敬酒，如何分菜等 table manners, make a toast, distribute dishes

People should be conscious of table manners, such as polite ways to make a toast and the conventions in distributing dishes.

2.1.3 社会公德

社会规范（让座，公共场合不大声说话，不制造噪音，不随地吐痰和扔垃圾、排队、使用手机要注意不影响他人等）

give up your seat, make noise, drop litter, wait in line, disturb others
There are social norms in public places, such as giving up your seat to the elderly on public transport,

trying not to make noise, wait in line and use electronic devices without disturbing others. Spitting and

dropping litter are examples of impolite and anti-social behaviour.

2.1.4 着装

rules of etiquette

There are rules of etiquette people need to follow in different professions. 穿衣习惯，正式场合穿着正式，学校要穿校月服 dress code, dress formally, wear uniforms

People can show respect to a company, a ceremony or an event by following the dress code. They need to dress formally on some occasions. Students are expected to wear uniforms at school.

2.1.5 职场商务

工作地点的礼貌握手，交换名片，称呼，使用礼貌语言等

shake hands, exchange business cards, in polite ways

Being polite in work contexts includes shaking hands in meetings, exchanging business cards and communicating with others in polite ways.

2.1.6 礼物

送礼来表示谢意，或者是代表友谊

prepare gifts, a gesture of friendship

We prepare gifts to show gratitude or as a gesture of friendship.

2.2 为什么现在人们越来越不注意礼貌

2.2.1 教育缺失

学校不注意道德教育，行为规范教育，只关注考试成绩，并且鼓励学生竞争，漠视学生的行为问题

moral principles, rules of behaviour, exam performance, behavioural problems

Schools hardly teach children moral principles and rules of behaviour. Teachers focus on exam performance, rather than behavioural problems.

2.2.2 社会活动减少

科技发展，人们关注手机、电脑、越来越宅，缺乏社会活动，变得自私，很少和人交流，不懂的尊重别人

technological advances, less interested in social life, self-centred, interaction with others

Technological advances have made people anti-social. They are less interested in social life as screen time increases. Self-centred people ignore their interaction with others.

2.2.3 家长溺爱

父母溺爱孩子，或者父母疏于管教，小孩只关注自己，而不去注意社会规范，别人的感受

spoil children, maintain strong discipline, social norms

Parents spoil children and hardly discipline misbehaved children. Selfish children do not pay attention to social norms and the feelings of others.

2.2.4 媒体引导

接触媒体暴力，不好行为，小孩模仿

televised violence, poor behaviour

Exposure to televised violence is a big problem. People tend to copy poor behaviour they see on TV.

2.2.5 贫富差距

贫穷，贫富差距，社会矛盾加剧，贫困人士没有受到很好的教育，比较多仇恨

income disparity, social division, disadvantaged people, resentment against

Poverty and income disparity have led to social division. Disadvantaged people have resentment against the upper class. They are hostile towards others, rather than friendly.

2.2.6 竞争压力

竞争激烈，大家不够耐心，希望尽快获得优势，说话不够礼貌

show patience, gain advantages, in polite ways

In a competitive world, people hardly show patience. They want to show their opinions and talents in order to gain advantages. They do not have patience to communicate in polite ways and follow social rules.

2.2.7 追求个性

强调自我的表达，强调个性，生活更加自由，快乐

self-expression, show individuality, enjoy more freedom

People today pay attention to self-expression. They want to show individuality and enjoy more freedom, so the code of conduct is sometimes too complex and unnecessary to them.

2.3 为什么要重视社会规范

2.3.1 和谐社会

体贴和尊重别人，建立好的社会和工作关系

considerate of others, build a network of contacts

Polite people are considerate of others. This can help them build a network of contacts easily.

2.3.2 职业发展

经济：体现你的教育层次和社会背景，给人好的印象，对职场发展有好处

educational level/academic background, social standing/economic-social status, make a good

impression, career advancement

The ways people talk to others can show their educational level and social standing. Communicating in a friendly way can make a good impression on others and contribute to career advancement.

2.3.3 减少互相干扰

经济：行为更加规范，减少各种场合对别人的影响，大家要可以专注工作和学习

conform to social norms, reduce interference with…concentrate on work and studies

Everybody can concentrate on work and studies if they all conform to social norms and do not do anything that disturbs others.

2.3.4 化解矛盾

礼貌可以让人更好处理矛盾，解决问题，生活也更愉快

resolve/ settle conflicts, handle problems, live a happy life.

Polite people are more likely to live a happy life because they can resolve/ settle conflicts easily by engaging in polite conversations with others, and find common ground to handle problems.

2.4 为什么要我行我素

2.4.1 突破创新

限制个性发展，人们有独特的想法不敢表现，不敢创新

hinder career advancement, express their ideas, inhibit innovation

People may not express their ideas clearly if they are afraid that their statements hurt others. This can hinder career advancement and inhibit innovation.

2.4.2 自由表达

表达自己的情绪，享受自由，对健康有帮助

express feelings, enjoy freedom

People who are less conscious of social rules are inclined to express feelings freely and enjoy freedom to live their lives as they please. This is beneficial to their health.

2.4.3 提高效率

经济：遵守传统习惯有时候比较花钱和时间（譬如说，要互送礼物、要穿很正式的衣服、说话要比较含蓄等），影响效率

Preserve traditions, exchange gifts, wear formal dress, speak in a subtle way

Preserving traditions such as exchanging gifts, wearing formal dress and speaking in a subtle way can be costly and time-consuming. It can affect the efficiency we need in the modern world.

2.4.4 突出平等

某些传统习惯都是强调每个人的社会角色，不符合现代人追求平等的特点。

Social roles, value equality

Some traditions emphasise and reinforce the roles of people in society, and do not show the value of equality.

礼貌的坏处：

1.出于礼貌有时候你会闪烁其词，但是对方很难理解

hide feelings, express views openly

You may sometimes hide feelings and choose not to express your views openly, so people may find it difficult to understand your intention.

3 雅思写作社会价值观类观点论据：明星对人们的影响

3.1 激励年轻人

A名人影响力变大，B大家崇拜和模仿，C拥有成功的素质

解释（A-B )年轻人崇拜名人，希望能像那些高调人物一样成功和受人尊敬。这就是为什么年轻一代喜欢读名人如何取得成功的故事

举例:体育明星们多年来一直致力于提高技能和身体素质，然后才能在体育赛事中赢得奖牌。这可以促进一种观念，即勤奋和坚持是一个人取得成就必不可少的品质，如果年轻人想要成功，他们会努力形成这些品质

role models 道德模范
developing good character and qualities 养成良好品质和品格
high-profile figures 名人
achieve success 取得成功
improve skills and fitness 提高技能和身体素质
promote the idea促进一种观念
be essential to one’s achievement 取得成就必不可少的
form these qualities 形成这些品质

Celebrities are role models of their fans and followers, teaching the younger generation about the importance of developing good character and qualities. Young people admire celebrities and wish to be as successful and respectable as those high-profile figures. This is why younger generations love reading stories about how celebrities achieve success. For example, sport stars apply themselves to improving skills and fitness for many years before they can win medals in sports events. This can promote the idea that hardwork and persistance are qualities essential to one’s achievement, and young people will try to form these qualities if they desire to succeed.

3.2 促进经济发展

A名人影响力变大，B媒体曝光率带动产业发展，C促进经济

解释（A-B )：他们的歌迷们愿意买票观看著名无神论者的比赛、电影明星的电影和著名音乐家的现场音乐会

解释（A-B )：也有一些公司通过销售纪念品来赚取利润，例如印有名人名字的T恤衫和帽子，以及制作具有知名人物的电视节目

解释（B-C )：这些企业不仅通过纳税直接为经济做出贡献，而且提供就业机会，这对经济发展也很重要

create numerous business opportunities for companies 可以为不同行业的公司创造无数商机
buy tickets买票
renowned musicians著名音乐家
earn profits赚取利润
sell mementos销售纪念品
produce TV shows制作电视节目
provide employment提供就业机会

The economic value of celebrities can never be exaggerated as their high media exposure can create numerous business opportunities for companies in different industries. Their fans are willing to buy tickets to watch the games of famous athletes, films of movie stars and the live concerts of renowned musicians. There are also companies which earn profits by selling mementos, such as T-shirts and caps which have names of celebrities, and by producing TV shows featuring noteworthy figures. These businesses not only contribute directly to the economy by paying tax but also provide employment which is also important to economic progress.

3.3 不好的榜样：酗酒、吸毒

A明星影响大，B树立一些不好的榜样，C人们会模仿

解释（A-B)有些人可能一夜之间赚了一大笔钱，把他们的钱用于一些恶习，如吸毒和酗酒。

解释（A-B) —些电视名人的丑闻，如性侵犯和婚外恋，也不时成为头条新闻。

解释（B-C)这些坏习惯可能会扭曲年轻人对成功人士的看法，从而对他们产生不利影响。其中一些粉丝可能会模仿这种行为。

set bad examples树立坏榜样
ardent fans狂热的粉丝
have some bad habits有一些坏习惯
use illegal substances and alcoholism 使用药物和酬酒
The scandals of some TV personalities —些电视名人的丑闻
sex assaults and extramarital affairs 性侵犯和婚外恋
distort their views 扭曲他们的看法
copy such behaviour模仿这种行为

However, some celebrities can set bad examples for their ardent fans as they have some bad habits. Some people may earn a fortune overnight and use their money for some vices, such as using illegal substances and alcoholism. The scandals of some TV personalities, such as sex assaults and extramarital affairs, also make headlines from time to time. These bad habits might affect young people
adversely by distorting their views of what a successful people does. Some of these fans may copy such behaviour.

3.4 影响人们的生活方式

A明星影响大，B大家模仿不好的生活方式，C消费变大

背景：有些电视节目、杂志和小报报道名人奢侈的生活方式

解释（A-B)而那些接触到这种信息的人也可能会花钱购买奢侈品，比如名牌服装、名牌包和高档手表

解释（B-C)如果人们不需要这些产品，这对他们来说可能是浪费钱。有些人甚至可以从银行借钱来支持这种生活方式，尽管这会对他们的财务状况产生负面影响

derive pleasure from material possessions 关注物质财富带来的快乐
show the extravagant lifestyles of celebrities展示了名人奢侈的生活方式
be exposed to this kind of information接触到这种信息
a waste of money 浪费钱 borrow money from banks 从银行借钱
the negative effect on their financial
situation会对他们的财务状况产生负面影响

Celebrities might also influence their fans’ attitude towards shopping, as more people pay attention to the pleasure derived from material possessions. There are TV programmes, magazines and tabloids
showing the extravagant lifestyles of celebrities, and people who are exposed to this kind of
information may also spend money in buying luxuries, such as designer outfits, branded bags and pricy watches. This could be a waste of money for them if the products are not needed by people. Some
people may even borrow money from banks to support this lifestyle, despite the negative effect on their financial situation.

3.5 改变人们对成功的看法

A明星影响大，B影响大家对成功的看法，C不努力工作和学习

解释：（A-B) —些名人以他们的容貌、从家庭继承的财富和奢华的生活方式而出名。这可能传达出这样的信息：成功取决于运气、外表和家庭背景，而不是取决于勤奋和良好的品格

解释：（B-C)接受这个想法的人可能很少注意为他们的职业学习实际技能

affect people’s perception 影响人们对成功的最佳途径的认知
pay attention to professional development 不注意职业发展
achieved fame 获得名气 inherit from 继承
pay little attention to learning practical skills很少关注学习实际技能

The wealth and glamour of celebrities can sometimes affect people’s perception of the best route to success, and some people may not pay attention to professional development. Some famous people have achieved fame for their looks, the money they inherit from family, and for their luxurious lifestyle. This may convey the message that success is determined by luck, appearance and family background, rather than by industriousness and good character. People who accept this idea may pay little attention to learning practical skills for their career.

1 雅思写作社会价值观类观点论据：“自私”的利与弊

1.1 “自私”的好处

1.1.1 专注并提高自身